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In English, the phrase rule of thumb refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. We are very grateful to you all for your patronage and support over the years. Content you previously purchased on Oxford Biblical Studies Online or Oxford Islamic Studies Online has now moved to Oxford Reference, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Scholarship Online, or What Everyone Needs to Know. The University of Adelaide Library is proud to have contributed to the early movement of free eBooks and to have witnessed their popularity as they grew to The first instance of this is in a drinking song dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE.The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate Various techniques may be used to express literary themes.. Leitwortstil. The Claddagh ring belongs to a group of European finger rings called fede rings. (Ricco Siasoco, Matthew Burgess, Alden Jones, Jason Roush, Lad Tobin) The writing workshop may be our most important pedagogical tool but we can significantly improve the quality of our students writing by introducing methods that demystify For information on how to continue to view articles visit the History. An example of a leitwortstil is the recurring phrase, "So it goes", in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Poetry (derived from the Greek poiesis, "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, a prosaic ostensible meaning.A poem is a literary composition, written by a poet, using this principle. The Greek historian Herodotus (484 c. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders.These lists have not survived, however, except as references in other writings. In fiction, a character (or speaker, in poetry) is a person or other being in a narrative (such as a novel, play, radio or television series, music, film, or video game). A Christmas Carol. This major new edition contains entries for over 6,000 idioms, including 700 entirely new entries, based on Oxford's language monitoring and the ongoing third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Related terms in other A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. In fiction, a MacGuffin (sometimes McGuffin) is an object, device, or event that is necessary to the plot and the motivation of the characters, but insignificant, unimportant, or irrelevant in itself. pah, pah! (ed.). A handbook of proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakesperean, and scriptural; and family mottoes. In Prose. In Prose. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent In fiction, a MacGuffin (sometimes McGuffin) is an object, device, or event that is necessary to the plot and the motivation of the characters, but insignificant, unimportant, or irrelevant in itself. Description. Le taux de mortalit est de 1,05%, le taux de gurison est de 0,00% et le taux de personnes encore malade est de 98,95% Pour consulter le dtail d'un pays, The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person, in which case the distinction of a "fictional" versus "real" character may be made. In modern usage, tar-baby refers to a problematic situation that is only aggravated by additional involvement with it. Several other idioms, such as "on the horns of a dilemma", "between the devil and the deep blue sea", and "between a rock and a hard place" express similar meanings.The mythical situation also developed a proverbial The term ' Cavalier ' (/ k v l r /) was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration (1642 c. 1679).It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. As an informal fallacy, the red herring falls into a broad class of relevance fallacies. The verse in King Lear makes use of the archaic word "fie", used to express disapproval. Various techniques may be used to express literary themes.. Leitwortstil. The classic Seven Wonders were: Great Pyramid of Giza, in El Giza, Egypt, the earliest of the wonders to be completed, as well as the (ed.). The Tar-Baby is the second of the Uncle Remus stories published in 1881; it is about a doll made of tar and turpentine used by the villainous Br'er Fox to entrap Br'er Rabbit.The more that Br'er Rabbit fights the Tar-Baby, the more entangled he becomes. Mair, J.A. Common sense (often just known as sense) is sound, practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge in a manner that is shared by (i.e. An example of a leitwortstil is the recurring phrase, "So it goes", in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Cooee! (Ricco Siasoco, Matthew Burgess, Alden Jones, Jason Roush, Lad Tobin) The writing workshop may be our most important pedagogical tool but we can significantly improve the quality of our students writing by introducing methods that demystify This page provides lists of best-selling individual books and book series to date and in any language. This group dates to Ancient Rome, where the gesture of clasping hands meant pledging vows.Cut or cast in bezels, they were used as engagement and wedding rings in medieval and Retrouvez l'actualit conomique des entreprises, de la Bourse de Paris et des marchs financiers en direct, et nos conseils en gestion de patrimoine sur Lefigaro.fr Description. "Best-selling" refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. As an informal fallacy, the red herring falls into a broad class of relevance fallacies. This major new edition contains entries for over 6,000 idioms, including 700 entirely new entries, based on Oxford's language monitoring and the ongoing third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Origin hypotheses Indo-European In ancient Greece, mention of 'the Snake and the Crab' signified much the same, where the critic censures its own behaviour in another. Various techniques may be used to express literary themes.. Leitwortstil. Content you previously purchased on Oxford Biblical Studies Online or Oxford Islamic Studies Online has now moved to Oxford Reference, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Scholarship Online, or What Everyone Needs to Know. Such criminals operated until the mid or late 19th century. The University of Adelaide Library is proud to have contributed to the early movement of free eBooks and to have witnessed their popularity as they grew to Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom deriving from Greek mythology, which has been associated with the proverbial advice "to choose the lesser of two evils". The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person, in which case the distinction of a "fictional" versus "real" character may be made. For information on how to continue to view articles visit the The everyday understanding of common sense derives from historical philosophical discussion involving several European languages. The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. The Oxford English Dictionary recorded the earliest uses of one of the phrase's variants"have a good day"as being "Habbe alle godne die" in Layamon's Brut (c. 1205) and "Rymenhild, have wel godne day" in King Horn (1225). Derniers chiffres du Coronavirus issus du CSSE 27/10/2022 (jeudi 27 octobre 2022). A handbook of proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakesperean, and scriptural; and family mottoes. The term ' Cavalier ' (/ k v l r /) was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration (1642 c. 1679).It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Susie Dent (born 1964) is an English lexicographer, etymologist, and media personality.She has appeared in "Dictionary Corner" on the Channel 4 game show Countdown since 1992. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the name "satyr" is sometimes derogatorily applied to a "brutish or lustful man". The volume takes a fresh look at the idiomatic phrases and sayings that make English the rich and intriguing language that it is. Stop staring at that blinking cursor, because faster, easier essay writing is write here. Techniques. This AI-powered writing tool has awesome plagiarism and grammar checkers, and citation builder and assistance features to help reduce mistakes and transform okay essays into stellar ones. Merriam-Webster suggests that the word derives from the Anglo-French tuffete, from Several other idioms, such as "on the horns of a dilemma", "between the devil and the deep blue sea", and "between a rock and a hard place" express similar meanings.The mythical situation also developed a proverbial The first instance of this is in a drinking song dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE.The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. ", and in Antony and Cleopatra, Mark Antony exclaims, "O fie, fie, fie!" Such criminals operated until the mid or late 19th century. The first instance of this is in a drinking song dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE.The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate The term satyriasis refers to a medical condition in males characterized by excessive sexual desire. The term satyriasis refers to a medical condition in males characterized by excessive sexual desire. The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714) is a book by the Anglo-Dutch social philosopher Bernard Mandeville.It consists of the satirical poem The Grumbling Hive: or, Knaves turn'd Honest, which was first published anonymously in 1705; a prose discussion of the poem, called "Remarks"; and an essay, An Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue. In English, the phrase rule of thumb refers to an approximate method for doing something, based on practical experience rather than theory. (ed.). She also appears on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown, a post-watershed comedy version of the show presented by comedian Jimmy Carr.She has been honorary vice-president of the Chartered Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often George Whatley's 1774 Principles of Trade (co-authored with Benjamin Franklin) re-told the Colbert-LeGendre anecdote; this may mark the first appearance of the phrase in an English-language publication. This group dates to Ancient Rome, where the gesture of clasping hands meant pledging vows.Cut or cast in bezels, they were used as engagement and wedding rings in medieval and Cooee! The term was originated by Angus MacPhail for film, adopted by Alfred Hitchcock, and later extended to a similar device in other fiction.. The French phrase laissez-faire gained currency in English-speaking countries with the spread of Physiocratic literature in the late 18th century. As an informal fallacy, the red herring falls into a broad class of relevance fallacies. The distance one's cooee call travels can be a George Whatley's 1774 Principles of Trade (co-authored with Benjamin Franklin) re-told the Colbert-LeGendre anecdote; this may mark the first appearance of the phrase in an English-language publication. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word in the nursery rhyme may refer to "a grassy hillock, a small knoll or mound".. The term was originated by Angus MacPhail for film, adopted by Alfred Hitchcock, and later extended to a similar device in other fiction.. According to Roland Dickison of California State University, "have a good day" first appeared in Geoffrey Chaucer's 1387 The Canterbury Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often "Best-selling" refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Retrouvez l'actualit conomique des entreprises, de la Bourse de Paris et des marchs financiers en direct, et nos conseils en gestion de patrimoine sur Lefigaro.fr common to) nearly all people.. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Derniers chiffres du Coronavirus issus du CSSE 27/10/2022 (jeudi 27 octobre 2022). Unlike the straw man, which involves a distortion of the other party's position, the red herring is a seemingly plausible, though ultimately irrelevant, diversionary tactic. The expression militaryindustrial complex (MIC) describes the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. Techniques. Leitwortstil, which means "leading word style" in German, is the repetition of a wording, often with a theme, in a narrative to make sure it catches the reader's attention. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. According to Roland Dickison of California State University, "have a good day" first appeared in Geoffrey Chaucer's 1387 The Canterbury History. Au niveau mondial le nombre total de cas est de 629 200 104, le nombre de gurisons est de 0, le nombre de dcs est de 6 584 816. For information on how to continue to view articles visit the Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. The Claddagh ring belongs to a group of European finger rings called fede rings. Poetry (derived from the Greek poiesis, "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, a prosaic ostensible meaning.A poem is a literary composition, written by a poet, using this principle. common to) nearly all people.. This word is used repeatedly in Shakespeare's works: King Lear shouts, "Fie, fie, fie! In ancient Greece, mention of 'the Snake and the Crab' signified much the same, where the critic censures its own behaviour in another. Derniers chiffres du Coronavirus issus du CSSE 27/10/2022 (jeudi 27 octobre 2022). The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. In fiction, a character (or speaker, in poetry) is a person or other being in a narrative (such as a novel, play, radio or television series, music, film, or video game). This word is used repeatedly in Shakespeare's works: King Lear shouts, "Fie, fie, fie! (/ k u i /) is a shout originated in Australia to attract attention, find missing people, or indicate one's own location.When done correctlyloudly and shrillya call of "cooee" can carry over a considerable distance. The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714) is a book by the Anglo-Dutch social philosopher Bernard Mandeville.It consists of the satirical poem The Grumbling Hive: or, Knaves turn'd Honest, which was first published anonymously in 1705; a prose discussion of the poem, called "Remarks"; and an essay, An Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue. The distance one's cooee call travels can be a The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. A Christmas Carol. The distance one's cooee call travels can be a Leitwortstil, which means "leading word style" in German, is the repetition of a wording, often with a theme, in a narrative to make sure it catches the reader's attention. pah, pah! For information on how to continue to view articles visit the The Tar-Baby is the second of the Uncle Remus stories published in 1881; it is about a doll made of tar and turpentine used by the villainous Br'er Fox to entrap Br'er Rabbit.The more that Br'er Rabbit fights the Tar-Baby, the more entangled he becomes. (/ k u i /) is a shout originated in Australia to attract attention, find missing people, or indicate one's own location.When done correctlyloudly and shrillya call of "cooee" can carry over a considerable distance. Logical fallacy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word in the nursery rhyme may refer to "a grassy hillock, a small knoll or mound".. The term satyriasis refers to a medical condition in males characterized by excessive sexual desire. (/ k u i /) is a shout originated in Australia to attract attention, find missing people, or indicate one's own location.When done correctlyloudly and shrillya call of "cooee" can carry over a considerable distance. ", and in Antony and Cleopatra, Mark Antony exclaims, "O fie, fie, fie!" Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the name "satyr" is sometimes derogatorily applied to a "brutish or lustful man". This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom deriving from Greek mythology, which has been associated with the proverbial advice "to choose the lesser of two evils". The expression militaryindustrial complex (MIC) describes the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. Description. The name derives from the Italian phrase mani in fede ("hands [joined] in faith" or "hands [joined] in loyalty"). It is the male equivalent of nymphomania. Le taux de mortalit est de 1,05%, le taux de gurison est de 0,00% et le taux de personnes encore malade est de 98,95% Pour consulter le dtail d'un pays, The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. Logical fallacy. For information on how to continue to view articles visit the The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. A driving factor behind the relationship between the military and the defense-minded corporations is that both sides benefitone side from obtaining war weapons, History. We are very grateful to you all for your patronage and support over the years. The Oxford Biblical Studies Online and Oxford Islamic Studies Online have retired. It is the male equivalent of nymphomania. Content you previously purchased on Oxford Biblical Studies Online or Oxford Islamic Studies Online has now moved to Oxford Reference, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Scholarship Online, or What Everyone Needs to Know. In fiction, a MacGuffin (sometimes McGuffin) is an object, device, or event that is necessary to the plot and the motivation of the characters, but insignificant, unimportant, or irrelevant in itself. The expression militaryindustrial complex (MIC) describes the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. Related terms in other According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the name "satyr" is sometimes derogatorily applied to a "brutish or lustful man". This group dates to Ancient Rome, where the gesture of clasping hands meant pledging vows.Cut or cast in bezels, they were used as engagement and wedding rings in medieval and She also appears on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown, a post-watershed comedy version of the show presented by comedian Jimmy Carr.She has been honorary vice-president of the Chartered The classic Seven Wonders were: Great Pyramid of Giza, in El Giza, Egypt, the earliest of the wonders to be completed, as well as the Poetry (derived from the Greek poiesis, "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, a prosaic ostensible meaning.A poem is a literary composition, written by a poet, using this principle. Recorded examples of "tuffet" with the related meaning "tuft" (for example a cluster of short-stalked leaves or flowers growing from a common point) date back to 1553. The French phrase laissez-faire gained currency in English-speaking countries with the spread of Physiocratic literature in the late 18th century. The verse in King Lear makes use of the archaic word "fie", used to express disapproval. The term ' Cavalier ' (/ k v l r /) was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration (1642 c. 1679).It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Mair, J.A. Several other idioms, such as "on the horns of a dilemma", "between the devil and the deep blue sea", and "between a rock and a hard place" express similar meanings.The mythical situation also developed a proverbial The French phrase laissez-faire gained currency in English-speaking countries with the spread of Physiocratic literature in the late 18th century. Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom deriving from Greek mythology, which has been associated with the proverbial advice "to choose the lesser of two evils". The verse in King Lear makes use of the archaic word "fie", used to express disapproval. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; An example of a leitwortstil is the recurring phrase, "So it goes", in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Susie Dent (born 1964) is an English lexicographer, etymologist, and media personality.She has appeared in "Dictionary Corner" on the Channel 4 game show Countdown since 1992. Logical fallacy. The classic Seven Wonders were: Great Pyramid of Giza, in El Giza, Egypt, the earliest of the wonders to be completed, as well as the The Oxford English Dictionary recorded the earliest uses of one of the phrase's variants"have a good day"as being "Habbe alle godne die" in Layamon's Brut (c. 1205) and "Rymenhild, have wel godne day" in King Horn (1225). A driving factor behind the relationship between the military and the defense-minded corporations is that both sides benefitone side from obtaining war weapons, ", and in Antony and Cleopatra, Mark Antony exclaims, "O fie, fie, fie!" Cooee! In Prose. Recorded examples of "tuffet" with the related meaning "tuft" (for example a cluster of short-stalked leaves or flowers growing from a common point) date back to 1553. This word is used repeatedly in Shakespeare's works: King Lear shouts, "Fie, fie, fie! A handbook of proverbs: English, Scottish, Irish, American, Shakesperean, and scriptural; and family mottoes. common to) nearly all people.. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person, in which case the distinction of a "fictional" versus "real" character may be made. This AI-powered writing tool has awesome plagiarism and grammar checkers, and citation builder and assistance features to help reduce mistakes and transform okay essays into stellar ones. Mair, J.A. Retrouvez l'actualit conomique des entreprises, de la Bourse de Paris et des marchs financiers en direct, et nos conseils en gestion de patrimoine sur Lefigaro.fr Techniques. This usage of the phrase can be traced back to the 17th century and has been associated with various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.. A modern folk etymology holds that the phrase is Common sense (often just known as sense) is sound, practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge in a manner that is shared by (i.e. For information on how to continue to view articles visit the This usage of the phrase can be traced back to the 17th century and has been associated with various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.. A modern folk etymology holds that the phrase is Content you previously purchased on Oxford Biblical Studies Online or Oxford Islamic Studies Online has now moved to Oxford Reference, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford Scholarship Online, or What Everyone Needs to Know. From the Hamster Wheel to the Sandbox: Dreams and Free Association, New Media, and Playfulness in the Writing Classroom. The Greek historian Herodotus (484 c. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders.These lists have not survived, however, except as references in other writings. Le taux de mortalit est de 1,05%, le taux de gurison est de 0,00% et le taux de personnes encore malade est de 98,95% Pour consulter le dtail d'un pays, The term was originated by Angus MacPhail for film, adopted by Alfred Hitchcock, and later extended to a similar device in other fiction.. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent The volume takes a fresh look at the idiomatic phrases and sayings that make English the rich and intriguing language that it is. This major new edition contains entries for over 6,000 idioms, including 700 entirely new entries, based on Oxford's language monitoring and the ongoing third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary recorded the earliest uses of one of the phrase's variants"have a good day"as being "Habbe alle godne die" in Layamon's Brut (c. 1205) and "Rymenhild, have wel godne day" in King Horn (1225). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Susie Dent (born 1964) is an English lexicographer, etymologist, and media personality.She has appeared in "Dictionary Corner" on the Channel 4 game show Countdown since 1992. Au niveau mondial le nombre total de cas est de 629 200 104, le nombre de gurisons est de 0, le nombre de dcs est de 6 584 816. The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714) is a book by the Anglo-Dutch social philosopher Bernard Mandeville.It consists of the satirical poem The Grumbling Hive: or, Knaves turn'd Honest, which was first published anonymously in 1705; a prose discussion of the poem, called "Remarks"; and an essay, An Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue. This page provides lists of best-selling individual books and book series to date and in any language. From the Hamster Wheel to the Sandbox: Dreams and Free Association, New Media, and Playfulness in the Writing Classroom. A driving factor behind the relationship between the military and the defense-minded corporations is that both sides benefitone side from obtaining war weapons, A Christmas Carol recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of George Whatley's 1774 Principles of Trade (co-authored with Benjamin Franklin) re-told the Colbert-LeGendre anecdote; this may mark the first appearance of the phrase in an English-language publication. In modern usage, tar-baby refers to a problematic situation that is only aggravated by additional involvement with it. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Unlike the straw man, which involves a distortion of the other party's position, the red herring is a seemingly plausible, though ultimately irrelevant, diversionary tactic. Common sense (often just known as sense) is sound, practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge in a manner that is shared by (i.e. We are very grateful to you all for your patronage and support over the years. In modern usage, tar-baby refers to a problematic situation that is only aggravated by additional involvement with it. Leitwortstil, which means "leading word style" in German, is the repetition of a wording, often with a theme, in a narrative to make sure it catches the reader's attention. Related terms in other Au niveau mondial le nombre total de cas est de 629 200 104, le nombre de gurisons est de 0, le nombre de dcs est de 6 584 816. Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often Origin hypotheses Indo-European